1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2010 (Conference Edition in Two Volumes). Washington, D.C., January 2000.
1 Department of Health Services, Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Health of Angelenos Report, January 2000.
1 Department of Health Services, Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Unpublished Data, 1998.
1 Source: Modified from Dr. Jonathan Fielding's Presentations to Board of Supervisor Members.
1 Fielding JE, Husten CG, Eriksen MP. Tobacco: health effects and control. In: Wallace RB, ed. Public health and preventive medicine. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1998
1 Baxter T, Milner P, Wilson K, Leaf M, Nicholl J, Freeman J,, Cooper N. Cost effective, community based heart health promotion project in England: prospective comparative study. British Medical Journal 1997; 315: 582-585.
1 Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Barlow CD, Paffenbarger RS, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of health and unhealthy men. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995; 273(14): 1093-1098.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An ounce of prevention… What are the returns? Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999.
1 Keeler EB, Manning WG, Newhouse, JP, Sloss EM, Wasserman J., the external costs of a sedentary life-style. American Journal of Public Health, 1989; 79: 975-81.
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1 Patterson C, Chambers LW. Preventive health care. Lancer 1995; 345: 107-121.
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1 Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, Walker M. Body weight implications for the prevention of coronary health disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus in a cohort study of middle aged men. British Medical Journal 1997; 314:1311-7.
1 Stevens AG, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, McArdle D. Cost-effectiveness of primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1998; 32: 236-240.
1 Haapanen N, Miilunpalo s, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M. Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 26:739-747.
1 McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993; 270: 2207-2212.
1 Campbell NC, Thain J, Deans HG, Ritchie LD, Rawles JM. Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease: baseline survey of provision in general practice. British Medical Journal 1998; 316: 1430-1434.
1 Flack et al, 1995 (see above)
1 Nguyen MN, Beland F., Otis J, Potvin L. Diet and exercise profiles of 30- to 60-year-old male smokers: implications for community heart health programs. Journal of Community Health 1996; 21: 107-121.
1 Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Changes in physical activity, mortality and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet 1998; 351: 1603-1608.
1 Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 350-359.
1 Kirby D. Reducing adolescent pregnancy: approaches that work. Contemporary Pediatrics 1999l 16: 83-94.
1 Sallis JR, McKenzie TL, Kolody B, Lewis M, Marshall s, Rosengard P. Effects of health-related physical education on academic achievement: project SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1999; 70: 127-134.
1 Walker PH, Bowllan N, Chevalier N, Gullo S, Lawrence L. school-based care: clinical challenges and research opportunities. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 1996; 1; 64-74.
1 Adams CF. Smoke-Free California: democracy meets public health. National Civic Review 1998; 87(4): 311-316.
1 California Department of Health Services/Tobacco Control Section. A model for change: the California experience in tobacco control. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services; October, 1998.
1 Forster JL, Murray DM, wolfson M, Blain TM, Wagenaar AC, Hennrikus DJ. The effects of community policies to reduce youth access to tobacco. American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88: 1193-1198.
1 Greenwood PW, Model KE, Rydell CP. The cost-effectiveness of early intervention as a strategy for reducing violent crime. Publication No. DRU-1163-UCS/RC). Santa Monica, CA; RAND; September, 1995.
1 Anderssen N, Jacobs DR, sidney s. Bild DE, Sternfeld B, Slattery ML, Hannan P. Change and secular trends in physical activity patterns in young adults: a seven-year longitudinal follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA). American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 351-362.
1 Leigh JP, Richardon N, Beck R, Kerr C, Harrington H, Parcell CL, fries JF. Randomized controlled study of a retiree health promotion program. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995; 155(18): 1933-1941.
1 Munro J, Brazier J, Davey R. Nicholl J. Physical activity for the over-65s; could it be a cost effective exercise for the NHS? Journal of Public Health Medicine 1997; 19: 397-402.
1 Harris, JR, McQueen, DV, Koplan, JP. Chronic Disease Control, in FD Scuthfield and CW Keck (eds). Principles of Public Health Practice. Delmar Publishers, 1997. Pp. 213-231.
1 Rice DP, Max W, The cost of smoking in California, 1989. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services: 1992.
1 Cromwell J, Bartosch WJ, Fiore MC, Hasselblad V, Baker T. Cost-effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guidelines for smoking cessation. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 278: 1759-1766.
1 Law M, tang JL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995; 155(18): 1933-1941.
1 Katxelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Henk HJ. Effect of primary care treatment of depression on service use by patients with high medical expenditures. Psychiatric Services 1997; 48: 59-64.
1 The National Adolescent Health Information Center. Fact sheet on investing in preventive health services for adolescents. San Francisco, CA; university of California, San Francisco; July, 1994.
1 Robert Woods Johnson Foundation. Draft of positive youth development best practices. Richmond, VA: youth matters; October, 1998.
1 Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, STD Program, 1999
1 New Frontiers in Clinical Management”, Presentation by DHS Office of Clinical & Medical Affairs, Clinical Resource Management Team, January 2000.
1 California and Los Angeles County Departments of Health Services, Response to HCFA Questions and Answers, January 2000.
1 Rice, DP, Max w, “The Cost of Smoking in California”. Institute for Health and Aging, school of Nursing, UCSF, 1993.
1 Pierce JP, Gilpin EA, Emery SL, Farkas AJ, Zhu SH, Choi WS, Berry CcavarroA., Distefan JM, White MM, Soroko S, Navarro A. Tobacco Control Program, 1989-1996. La Jolla, CA: University of California, San Diego; 1998.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs- August 1999. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, August 1999.
1 Pierce JP, Gilpin EA, Emery SL, et al. Tobacco control in California: tobacco taxes vs. an antismoking media campaign. Am J Public Health 1995;89(9):1218-22.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking before and after an excise tax increase and antismoking campaign – Massachusetts, 1990-1996, MMWR 1996; 45:966-70.
1 Chaloupka FJ, Grosman M. Price, tobacco control policies and youth smoking. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. No. 5740, September 1996.
1 Pierce JP, Gilpin EA, Enery SL, et al. Has the California tobacco control program reduced smoking? Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998; 280(10): 893-899.
1 HU T-W, Sung H-Y, Keeler TE. Reducing cigarette consumption in California: tobacco taxes vs. an antismoking media campaign. American Journal of Public Health 1995b; 85(9): 1218-1222.
1 California Tobacco Survey, 1990, 1993, 1996.
1 Los Angeles County Health Survey, 1997
1 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1989-1993, 1995-1998
1 National Health Interview Survey, 1990-1994
1 Chaloupka FJ, Grosman M. Price, tobacco control policies and youth smoking. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. No. 5740, September 1996.
1 Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M. Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women. Int J Epidemiol 1997;26:739-747.
1 Los Angeles County Health Survey, 1997.
1 Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS Jr., Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 1995;273(14):1093-1098.
1 Campbell NC, Thain J, Deans HG, Ritchie LD, Rawles JM. Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease: baseline survey of provision in general practice. BMJ 1998; 316:1430-1434.
1 Flack J, Amaro H, Jenkins W, Kunitz S, Levy J, Mixon M, Yu E. Panel I: epidemiology of minority health. Health Psychology 1995; 14: 592-600.
1 The National Adolescent Health Information Center. Fact sheet on investing in preventive health services for adolescents. San Francisco, CA: University of California, San Francisco; July, 1994.
1 United Way of Greater L.A. State of the county report: Los Angeles 1998-99. Los Angeles, CA: United Way; March, 1999.
1 Unpublished data from the Office of Data Collection and Analysis, the Sexually Transmitted Disease Program, the Office of Injury and Violence Prevention, and the health departments for the cities of Pasadena and Long Beach, May, 1999.
1 Kirby D. Reducing adolescent pregnancy: approaches that work. Contemporary Pediatrics 1999; 16: 83-94.
1 Sallis, JR, McKenzie TL, Kolody B, Lewis M, Marshall S, Rosengard P. Effects of health-related physical education on academic achievement: project SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1999; 70: 127-134.
1 Stevens W, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, McArdle D. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32: 236-240.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Best Practices Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs- August 1999. Atlanta GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, August 1999.
1 Pierce, J., E. Gilpin, S. Emery, A. Farkas, S. Zhu, W. Choi, C. Berry, J. Distephan, M. White, S. Soroko, and A. Navarro, Tobacco Control in California: Who’s Winning the War? An Evaluation of the Tobacco Control Program, 1989-1996. 1998, University of California, San Diego: La Jolla, CA.
1 Federal Trade Commission Report to Congress for 1996, Pursuant to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Issued: 1998.
1 Pierce, J. P., et. al., Tobacco Industry promotion of cigarettes and adolescent smoking. JAMA, 1998. February 18; 279(7): 511-515.
1 California Tobacco Survey, 1996.
1 Munro J, Brazier J, Davey R, Nicholl J. Physical activity for the over-65s: could it be a cost-effective exercise for the NHS? J Public Health Med 1997; 19: 397-402.
1 Nguyen MN, Beland F, Otis J, Potvin L. Diet and exercise profiles of 30- to 60-year-old male smokers: implications for community heart health programs. J Community Health 1996; 21: 107-121.
1 Leigh JP, Richardson N, Beck R, Kerr C, Harrington H, Parcell CL, Fries JF. Randomized controlled study of a retiree health promotion program. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1201-1206.
1 Fielding JE, Husten CG, Eriksen MP. Tobacco: health effects and control. In: Wallace RB, ed. Public health & preventive medicine. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1998.
1 McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual Causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270: 2207-12.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An ounce of prevention . . . What are the returns? Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 1999.
1 Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 350-359.
1 Cromwell J, Bartosch WJ, Fiore MC, Hasselblad V, Baker T. Cost-effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guideline for smoking cessation. JAMA 1997; 278: 1759-1766.
1 Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Henk HJ. Effect of primary care treatment of depression on service use by patients with high medical expenditures. Psychiatric Services 1997; 48: 59-64.
1 Law M, Tang JL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155(18): 1933-41.
1 Widom R and Hammett T. HIV/AIDS and STDs in Juvenile Facilities. National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief. April 1996.
1 Oh M, Smith K, O’Cain M, Kilmer D, Johnson J, and Hook E. Urine-Based Screening of Adolescents in Detention to Guide Treatment for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections: Translating Research into Intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:52-56.
1 Morris R, Baker C, Huscroft S, Evans C. The Interrelationships of High Risk Behaviors for Incarcerated Juveniles at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Abstract Submitted to the Society for Adolescent Medicine.
1 Huscroft S, Morris R, Re O, Baker C, Aquino K, and Roseman J. Survey of Sexual Behavior Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Incarcerated Adolescents. Unpublished Paper.
1 Morris R, Harrison EA, Knox GW, Tromanhauser E, Marquis DK, and Watts LL. Health Risk Behavioral Survey from 39 Juvenile Correctional Facilities in the United States. J Adol Health 1995;17:334-344.
1 Shafer MA. Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Male Adolescents in Detention. Sex Trans Dis 1994;21(3):181-182.
1 Feinstein RA, Lampkin A, Lorish CD, Klerman LV, Maisiak R, and Oh MK. Medical Status of Adolescents at Time of Admission to a Juvenile Detention Center. J Adol Health 1998;22:190-196.
1 Unpublished data* from Project Yes collected 1996-1998 by LA County DHS STD Program.
1 Jossens MO, Schachter J, Sweet RL. Risk Factors Associated with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease of Differing Microbial Etiologies. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:989-997.
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1 Genc M, Mardh PA. A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Screening and Treatment for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Asymptomatic Women. An Intern Med. 1996;124:1-7.
1 Paavonen, J. Is Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Cost Effective? Genitourin Med 1997;73(2):103-104.
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1 Dyer I, Miller M, Richwald G, Armbruster J, Borenstein L, Rotblatt H, Morris R and Harvey S. Chlamydia Screening in Juvenile Custody Facilities. 1998 Ninth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infection; Napa, California. (Abstract)
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1 Ford C, Bearman P, and Moody J. Foregone Health Care Among Adolescents. JAMA 1999;282 (23):2227-2234.
1 Kaiser Family Foundation /MTV/TEEN PEOPLE, National Survey of Teens on STDs, conducted March 24-April14, 1998; For Release March 8, 1999.
1 Unpublished data from Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project collected 1996-1998 by LA County DHS STD Program.
1 Wasserheit J. Epidemiologic Synergy. Interrelationships Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1992;9:61-67.
1 Cohen M, Hoffman I, Royce R, Kazembe P, Dyer J, Daly C, Zimba D, Vernazza P, Maida M, Fiscus S, Eron J, and the AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Reduction of Concentration of HIV-1 in Semen After Treatment of Urethritis: Implications for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of HIV-1. The Lancet 1997;349:1868-1873.
1 Moss G, Overbaugh J, Welch M, Reilly M, Bwayo J, Plummer F, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA in Urethral Secretions in Men: Association with Gonococcal Urethritis and CD4 Depletion. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1469-1474.
1 Hoffman I, Maida M, Royce R, Costello-Daly C, Kazembe P, Vernazza P, et al. Effects of Urethritis Therapy on the Concentration of HIV-1 Seminal Plasma. Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, July 1-12, 1996. Vancouver [abstract no. Mo.C.903].
1 Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, et al. Female to Male Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Risk Factors for Seroconversion in Men. Lancet 1989; 2:403-27.
1 Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JK, Gakinya MN, et al. Co-factors in Male-Female Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J Infect Dis 1991;163:233-239.
1 Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, Malele B, Tuliza M, Nzila N, et al. Non Ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Disease as Risk Factors for HIV-1 Transmission in Women: Results from a Cohort Study. AIDS 1993;7:95-102.
1 CDC. HIV Prevention through Early Detection and Treatment of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases – HIV Prevention Through Early Detection and Treatment of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases – United States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for HIV and STD Prevention.1998.
1 Grosskurth H et al. Impact of Improved Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on HIV Infection in Rural Tanzania: Randomized Controlled Trial. The Lancet 1995;346;530-536.